We can use to + infinitive and for + noun to say what is the purpose of an action, or the reason why we do something.

to + infinitive

• I went to the grocery store to buy some vegetables. 
• I studied hard to pass the exam.

for + noun

• Let’s go to the pub for a drink. 
• We climbed to the top for the views.

Compare to vs for:

• I went to the shop to buy some milk. 
• I went to the shop for some milk. 

for + -ing

Don’t use for + -ing to talk about why we do something

We don’t use for + -ing to say what is the purpose of our actions, why we do something.

• I work hard for improving my English.
• I work hard to improve my English.
• Turn the TV on for watching the news.
• Turn the TV on to watch the news.

Use for + -ing to talk about the purpose or function of an object

We use for + ing to talk about the purpose or function of a thing, what an object is used for.

• This machine is used for cleaning cars.
• This is a special camera for photographing small objects.  

Expressing purpose with ‘to’ and ‘for’

Go to http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/feb/14/readers-tips-carnivals-around-the-world
Find the answers to these questions:

1. In Dominica, the carnival is a mix of two traditions. What are they?
2. What kind of battle do they have in the Nice carnival?
3. What do people sing about in the Cádiz carnival?
4. What do they bury in Ash Wednesday in Santa Cruz de Tenerife?
5. Which two instruments are played in the Fasnacht carnival in Switzerland?
6. Which town in Germany has straw bears in their carnival?
7. What kind of music can you hear in the Trinidad and Tobago carnivals?
8. What’s special about the giant heads in the Barranquilla carnival in Colombia?
9. What kind of fights do they have in the Oruro carnival in Bolivia?
10. How long does the Montevideo carnival last in Uruguay?

https://www.ccma.cat/tv3/sx3/celebrem-el-150-aniversari-de-gandhi/video/5929526/

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-1.html

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-2.html

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-3.html

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-4.html

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4219

https://elt.oup.com/student/solutions/int/grammar/grammar_03_022e?cc=global&selLanguage=en

Defining and non-defining relative clauses

1-GERUND ( V+ing)

https://www.ef.com/ca/english-resources/english-grammar/gerund/

2-INFINITVE

https://www.ef.com/ca/english-resources/english-grammar/infinitive/

SOME PRACTICE:

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-1.html

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-2.html

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercise-3.html

“Your Song”

(“Elton John” Version)

https://lyricstraining.com/play/elton-john/your-song-live/HJ3ymUHUGJ

It’s a little bit funny this feeling inside

I’m not one of those who can easily hide

I don’t have much money but boy if I did

I’d buy a big house where we both could live

If I was a sculptor, but then again, no

Or a man who makes potions in a traveling show

I know it’s not much but it’s the best I can do

My gift is my song and this one’s for you

And you can tell everybody this is your song

It may be quite simple but now that it’s done

I hope you don’t mind

I hope you don’t mind that I put down in words

How wonderful life is while you’re in the world

I sat on the roof and kicked off the moss

Well a few of the verses well they’ve got me quite cross

But the sun’s been quite kind while I wrote this song

It’s for people like you that keep it turned on

So excuse me forgetting but these things I do

You see I’ve forgotten if they’re green or they’re blue

Anyway the thing is what I really mean

Yours are the sweetest eyes I’ve ever seen

And you can tell everybody this is your song

It may be quite simple but now that it’s done

I hope you don’t mind

I hope you don’t mind that I put down in words

How wonderful life is while you’re in the world

Task 1 . Reading

La Palma is the most north-westerly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of 708 square kilometres (273 sq mi) making it the fifth largest of the eight main Canary Islands. The total population at the end of 2020 was 85,840.. Its highest mountain is the Roque de los Muchachos, at 2,423 metres, being second among the peaks of the Canaries only to the peaks of the Teide massif on Tenerife.

La Palma, like the other islands of the Canary Island archipelago, is a volcanic ocean island. So La Palma’s geography is a result of the volcanic formation of the island. The highest peaks reach over 2,400 m above sea level, and the base of the island is located almost 4,000 m  below sea level. The northern part of La Palma is dominated by the Caldera de Taburiente, with a width of 9 km and a depth of 1,500 m. It is surrounded by a ring of mountains ranging from 1,600 m to 2,400 m in height. On its northern side is the exposed remains of the original seamount. Only the deep Barranco de las Angustias (“Ravine of Anxiety”) ravine leads into the inner area of the caldera, which is a national park. It can be reached only by hiking. The outer slopes are cut by numerous gorges which run from 2,000 m  down to the sea. Today, only a few of these carry water due to the many water tunnels that have been cut into the island’s structure.

From the Caldera de Taburiente to the south runs the ridge Cumbre Nueva (‘New Ridge’, which despite its name is older than the Cumbre Vieja, ‘Old Ridge.’) The southern part of La Palma consists of the Cumbre Vieja, a volcanic ridge formed by numerous volcanic cones built of lava and scoria. The Cumbre Vieja is active, currently erupting in the 2021 La Palma eruption. Beyond Punta de Fuencaliente at the southern tip of the island, the Cumbre Vieja continues in a southerly direction as a submarine volcano.

Since the Spanish have kept records, there have been eight eruptions – all of which have occurred on the Cumbre Vieja:

• 1470–1492 Montaña Quemada
• 1585 Tajuya near El Paso
• 1646 Volcán San Martin
• 1677 Volcán San Antonio
• 1712 El Charco
• 1949 Volcán Nambroque at the Duraznero, Hoyo Negro and Llano del Banco vents
• 1971 Volcán Teneguía
• 2021 Volcán Tajogaite (ongoing)

The volcano started erupting again on 19th September 2021 after a seismic crisis rocked the island.

Task 2 – Fact finding. Choose a number to complete these sentences about natural disasters. 

1) There are over _______ active volcanoes around the world.

2) Tsunamis can travel at up to _______ miles per hour.

3) Hurricanes only form when water temperature reaches ___________ ºC.

4) _______ % of the world’s population live within danger range of volcanoes.

Task 3 – Read the messages and then answer the following questions.

We asked our readers to send in their views on these two questions:

-Do you think there are more natural disasters than in the past?

-Do you think we are prepared to deal with the disasters?

Sarah – “I think it’s really scary that there are so many natural disasters these days. There are far more than in the past. Every time you switch on the news you see places that are flooded or countries in drought. I’m sure it’s all connected to climate change and global warming.’’

James – “ We watch so many natural disasters on the news these days that you become immune to them. I don’t mean that in a horrible way, but it always seems so far away and there’s absolutely nothing you can do to help the poor people who are there. ”

Cindy – ‘’The hurricanes and earthquakes that have happened in the past month just prove how unprepared we are for natural disasters. It’s crazy that with all the technology and information available to us nowadays natural disasters still kill so many people. They should spend more money on research to develop warning systems for hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and tsunamis.”

Roger – “You can’t prepare for natural disasters as nobody knows when or where they are going to happen. It’s nature’s way of reminding us that she is in charge and we should respect her a lot more than we do.“

1• Who do you agree with?

2• Who do you disagree with? Why?

3• How would you answer the two questions?

Task 4  What do you think about this piece of news?: